Understanding Passive Vocabulary

A passive vocabulary is made up of the words that an individual recognizes but rarely uses when speaking and writing. Also known as recognition vocabulary. Contrast with  active vocabulary.   According to John Reynolds and Patricia Acres, Your passive vocabulary is  likely to contain more words than the active one. One way to improve the range of the vocabulary in your own writing is to try to transfer words from your passive to the active vocabulary (Cambridge Checkpoint English Revision Guide, 2013). Examples and Observations A passive vocabulary . . . includes the words stored in verbal memory that people partially understand, but not well enough for active use. These are words that people meet less often and they may be low frequency words in the language as a whole. In other words, activating them takes longer and it demands greater stimulus than most textual contexts provide. Words stop being passive if people are regularly contracting relations that activate them, since this lowers the amount of stimulus needed to put them to use. A facility in using the words develops. Again constraints of another kind in the extralinguistic context may also restrict the active use of some words. This can happen even when words are available for active use in principle, such as cultural taboo words that most people know but rarely use outside certain settings.(David Corson, Using English Words. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995)Media saturation may . . . provide what Dennis Baron called a passive lingua franca. We al l understand what we hear on the radio or see on TV, giving us a passive vocabulary, but that doesnt mean that we use that vocabulary actively in writing or speaking.(Robert MacNeil et al., Do You Speak American? Random House, 2005)How to Estimate the Size of Your VocabularyTake your dictionary and peruse 1 per cent of its pages, i.e. 20 pages of a 2,000-page dictionary, or every hundreth page (you need to take a range of letters of the alphabet). Note down how many words: (a) you are confident that you would regularly use; (b) you would recognize and understand if you read or heard them. Be brutally honest with yourself! Then multiply your totals by 100, to give a first approximation of your likely active and passive vocabularies.(Howard Jackson, Grammar and Vocabulary: A Resource Book for Students. Routledge, 2002)A Passive-Active Continuum[A]  commonly drawn  distinction is between active vocabulary, that which can be produced at will, and passive vocabulary, that which can b e recognized.  However, as discussed in Teichroew  (1982), the picture is really more complicated. Lexical knowledge cannot be captured by means of a simple dichotomy. Teichroew proposed that vocabulary knowledge can best be represented as a continuum with the initial stage being recognition and the final being production. In her view, production should not be viewed in a monolithic fashion, for productive knowledge includes producing both a range of meanings as well as appropriate collocations (i.e., what words go together). For example, in our discussion of the word break  with regard to the work of Kellerman . . ., we noted the many meanings of that word. Initially, learners may know the meaning of break as in break a leg or break a pencil, and only with time do they learn the full range of meanings and such collocations as His voice broke at age 13.(Susan M. Gass and Larry Selinker,  Second Language Acquisition: An Introductory Course, 2nd ed. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2001)

Case Jaudel France - 1223 Words

I. The Summary. jaudel France is one of the fastest-growing companies in the French cosmetics industry. It has built a reputation on a complete range of skin care products, toiletries and beauty aids. Major subsidiaries are located in Germany, the UK, Japan and Argentina. The group sells its skin care products in the USA through an exclusive distributor, Virtue Rubens Inc. But there are some problems in Virtue Rubens Inc. Almost immediately the company’s share price fell sharply on the stock market. The new marketing strategy was repackage certain lines and take them down-market, using mass merchandising channels. Sales at the top end of the market fell off in reaction to the change. A major promotional campaign was required and†¦show more content†¦| |otherwise jaudel France will have to cancel our agreement. | |If Jaudel decided to break off the agreement, they should be | |If Jaudel were to refuse such compensation, Virtue Rubens would then| |reminded that Virtue Rubens would then be entitled to fair and | |threaten to take out an injunction against them. | |reasonable compensation about $2m. | | | |The possibility of a takeover bid from Jaudel isn`t considered | |Virtue Rubens is worth less than $20 million. This would not be | |by Virtue Rubens. | |difficult for jaudel to raise this sum of money. | VI. The Options. |Canceling the agreement | |Advantages |Disadvantages | |jaudel France won`t risk its business in North America. |In this case Jaudel decided will have to pay compensation about $2m. | | |If Jaudel refuses to do that, Virtue Rubens can make an injunction |

Sociology 01 Essay Example For Students

Sociology 01 Essay Gender RolesEssay Question #5When analyzing gender roles in our age today, we are less likely to see the striking differences in the characteristics of men and women as they were portrayed lets say thirty years ago. However, a strong sense of Androcentricity still remains in not only our society but is stronger than ever in other societies around the world. From the beginning of time, from what weve learned in textbooks, television, and other sources of media, of course, the male figure has always been portrayed as powerful, the decision-maker, and the head of the household. When we think of prehistoric times, for instance, I could almost bet that mental picture of a caveman dragging a woman by the hair is embedded somewhere in the minds of many people of many ages around the world. Not only has this image been handed down to us but has also been part of our society and the worlds for probably centuries. This is just a small example of how the male and female genders are and have bee n portrayed for hundreds of years. The male, always strong and in command of the woman, is a role which has faded drastically but still leaves an impression when we analyze certain aspects of our society today. Since birth, we are already placed in our roles of male or female. The little baby boy, ninety percent of the time being wrapped in a blue blanket as soon as he leaves his mothers womb, and the little baby girl wrapped up in a pink blanket. This identification of color not only initializes the socialization process between both genders but also follows both males and females throughout their whole lives. Throughout childhood many things account for the gender roles we are placed into, such as the gifts we receive on our birthdays or the activities that we are encouraged to participate in. As a boy, I remember always wanting such things as action figures, toy guns, toy cars, and things of that nature for my birthday or for Christmas. I wasnt born liking those things, but these are the things that I was taught little boys are supposed to like, if not by the media then by friends or family. This could be very well the reason why many men join the armed forces, feel some weird familiarity with guns and weapons, or often times feel they should be the ones driving the car as opposed to the woman having control of the vehicle. These symbols of power which are etched into mens minds from day one, are a big part in the shaping of the rest of their lives. I also remember the presents my sisters would receive on special occasions, which consisted of dolls, toy vanity sets, or tea and kitchen sets. One could say that giving a little girl a doll could be a symbol of motherhood, to prepare her for the future and the vanity set to emphasize the need to stay beautiful. These symbols also play a big role in how the life of a woman develops and is shaped. Another factor that plays a big role in gender identity and roles is our educational system and what we are taught. F rom the time we are in elementary school we learn about all these great historical figures in the fields of Science, Literature, and History and all their great discoveries and achievements. The majority of the discoveries and achievements highlighted are by the men and every so often throughout the book some great achievement is mentioned that highlights a historical female figure. This pattern of education was handcrafted hundreds of years ago and is still implemented in our schools today. Of course much has changed and today many women are recognized for outstanding achievements and honors, even to the point where some researchers in fields such as Sociology limit their research strictly to the lives of women. Such research is labeled as feminist and in the field of sociology is known as gynocentricity, or seeing the world from a female perspective. But as stated in Macionis Sociology textbook, in a society so male-dominated as our own there is less chance that this type of resea rch would arise on frequent occasions. .ud972e3fc6fe2839fb26c35e9cabdf3cc , .ud972e3fc6fe2839fb26c35e9cabdf3cc .postImageUrl , .ud972e3fc6fe2839fb26c35e9cabdf3cc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud972e3fc6fe2839fb26c35e9cabdf3cc , .ud972e3fc6fe2839fb26c35e9cabdf3cc:hover , .ud972e3fc6fe2839fb26c35e9cabdf3cc:visited , .ud972e3fc6fe2839fb26c35e9cabdf3cc:active { border:0!important; } .ud972e3fc6fe2839fb26c35e9cabdf3cc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud972e3fc6fe2839fb26c35e9cabdf3cc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud972e3fc6fe2839fb26c35e9cabdf3cc:active , .ud972e3fc6fe2839fb26c35e9cabdf3cc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud972e3fc6fe2839fb26c35e9cabdf3cc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud972e3fc6fe2839fb26c35e9cabdf3cc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud972e3fc6fe2839fb26c35e9cabdf3cc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud972e3fc6fe2839fb26c35e9cabdf3cc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud972e3fc6fe2839fb26c35e9cabdf3cc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud972e3fc6fe2839fb26c35e9cabdf3cc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud972e3fc6fe2839fb26c35e9cabdf3cc .ud972e3fc6fe2839fb26c35e9cabdf3cc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud972e3fc6fe2839fb26c35e9cabdf3cc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Crucible Thoughts Essay