History of DONG Energy A/S

Table of Contents Introduction Literature Review Methodology Company Analysis Industrial Competition Conclusion References Introduction Established in the year 1972, DONG Energy is the largest of all energy production companies in the country of Denmark. Its headquarters are also situated here, with a significant amount of its work going into the production of energy both on and off land.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of DONG Energy A/S specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company was started as a company to provide energy to the state, with the original title of Dansk Naturgas A/S being changed at the beginning of the last decade to its current name DONG, which stands for Dansk Olie org Naturgas A/S. In this case study, research and analysis of the company over a period of ten years or will be done. The case study will make use of the company’s annual reports for 10 years including both prim ary and secondary sources together with other publicly available sources. Literature Review There is scanty literature detailing the performance of DONG Energy in the Danish and international markets. The secret to the performance of a company is based on the implementation of the recommendations in most of the case studies done in time. In history, most of the companies that triumphed can be studied to indicate the necessary steps towards profitability (McCraw 1998). Companies should have clear strategies on how they will meet their objectives. This helps in the consolidation of profits in the various operations. According to Micklethwait and Wooldridge (2003), the average performance of a company can be gauged from the financial returns that it posts every year. Methodology The case study will utilise primary and secondary sources to derive the statistical performance of the company through a period of ten years beginning 2002. The use of secondary sources will be significant as i t provides information that is not widely available in the literature. Some gaps in the literature concerning the performance of the company will be analysed using the sources, with the data being quoted in the case study. Qualitative and quantitative research methods will also be utilised in the study, with the different sources being analysed in this form. The information from the literature review and sources will then be presented in a logical and meaningful manner.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Company Analysis The performance of DONG Energy Company over the past decade can be effectively evaluated using the annual reports that the company posts. These have the necessary financial and technical performance indices necessary for the company. In the 2012 annual report, for example, the company prided itself as being among the leaders in the energy business, with the mai n roles being the procuring production and distribution of energy in the region including energy trade (DONG Energy A/S Annual Report 2012, p. 2). The company also reported having 7000 employees, with the headquarters still in Denmark. The 7000 employees are an increase from 1,043 it employed in 2004 who were also more than the 996 that were employed in the year 2005 (DONG Energy A/S Annual Report 2005, p. 17). The company reported shareholding as 79.96% for the Danish State, 10.88% for the SEAS-NVE Holding with the rest 9.16% being held by the other shareholders (DONG Energy A/S Annual Report 2012, p. 2). The core activities as indicated for the same year included â€Å"oil and gas exploration and production, construction of wind farms located offshore, generation of electricity from power stations, wholesale activities in the power sector, and distribution of the same† (DONG Energy A/S Annual Report 2012). The company has also seen significant growth in the financial and op eration magnitudes, thus ranking among the best performing companies in the industry in the world. In 2012, the components of power company contributed to a share capital of DKK 2,144 million, with the Equity being 14, 655 million (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2002). The profit after tax for the same year was DKK 1476 with which represented a poor performance as compared to the previous two years (DONG Energy A/S Annual Report 2002, p. 6). The revenue from the different activities was also not even for activities. Natural gas exploration and mining constituted the largest proportion at 70.2%. This was followed by the exploration and production of energy in general, with this making up 26.7%. The rest of the proportions were made up of oil transportation and renewable energy production among other activities (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2002, p. 7).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of DONG Energy A/S specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/ page Learn More In the same year of 2002, the total net interest bearing debt was DKK 6,919 million, which indicates what the financial year closed at (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2002, p. 23). In terms of liquidity, the company had a total of DKK 3,655 million, with this mainly being the fixed term deposits that the company had made with banks and a part of it being mortgage bonds (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2002, p. 23). The company also made a few policies based on the risks that it faces in the industry, and these were to be implemented in the years that followed. In the year 2003, the performance was better in terms of profits, with the company making a net profit of DKK 1,941million, which was better compared to the year that followed where the same company reported a net profit of DKK 1,881 million (DONG Energy A/S Annual Report 2004, p. 5). The year 2004 was however an improvement, with the non-recurring income being as high as DKK 647 million (DONG Energ y A/S Annual Report 2004, p. 5). This can be attributed to the profits that were gotten from the revaluation of one of the companies that was a major shareholder, which improved to a share value of DKK 562 million with an observed reversal of some of the previous write-downs (DONG Energy A/S Annual Report 2004, p. 5). As stated above, there was a drop in the net profit for the year 20004 compared to the previous year. Some of the reasons for the observation include loss of the company’s market share in its home country of Denmark, the hedging of oil, and the USD exchange rate exposure. The charge in exploration also depreciated for the year compared to the previous year (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2004, p. 5). The year 2004 had some of the significant mergers that the company has engaged in, with Elsam and DONG embarking on working together in electricity generation and distribution. The company thus enjoyed large shareholdings in Elsam. This contributed to the rapid expan sion seen in the year. As a result of the merger and other activities that the company undertook in the year 2004, profits improved, with the year 2005 having an observed profit after tax of DKK 2, 818 million (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2005, p. 5). The non-recurring income was also a departure from the one reported in the year 2004, which stood at DKK 360 million (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2005, p. 5).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This was a reduction from the previous year’s value of DKK 889 million. The better performance of the company could be attributed to several factors, with one of the most significant being the better performance of the price of oil on the international front for the same year. There were also significant reductions in the exploration costs in the same year, which prompted a record profit margin for the company (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2005, p. 5). The company continued its expansion into the electricity sector, with its partnership with Elsam continuing together with the introduction of new partnerships with companies such as Energi E2 and Nesa (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2005, p. 5). The transition from the year 2005 to 2006 had some of the greatest of changes in the company, with the same being reflected on the performance at the end of the year 2006. As indicated above, the company had 1,018 employees in its payroll. This figure changed significantly to 4,585 empl oyees for the year 2006 (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2006, p. 3). The revenue rose from that recorded in the year 2005 in the exploration and production as well as other activities that the company performed. In 2006, the exploration and production revenue stood at DKK 5,556 million, which was a marked improvement from the DKK 4, 346 million that was reported for the previous year as stated above (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2006, p. 3). The revenue from energy generation also improved from DKK 114 million in 2005 to a total of DKK 7,620 million for the year 2006 (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2006, p. 3). The other observed change in the year 2006 was in the size of assets, with these totalling to DKK 105 billion, which was an improvement from the previous DKK 47 billion in 2005 (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2006. p. 4). Distribution revenue that the company gets from distributing power and gas across the continent grew from DKK 857 million to DKK 2,560 million for the year 20 06, with the market revenue growing to DKK 24,114 from the previous 13, 885 million (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2006, p. 4). In general, the company grew in 2006 to reach the current heights. This was attributed to the relative profitability in the industry at the time, networking, and expansion that the company enjoyed during this period. The year 2007 was also a continuous improvement year for the company, with the generation part raising about DKK 12,335 million in revenue, which was an improvement from the DKK 7,682 million that was reported the previous year of 2006 (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2007, p. 4). The exploration and generation part also had improved profits, with revenue of DKK 4,869 million being reported as an improvement from DKK 5,556 million in the year 2006 (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2007, p. 4). The distribution revenue rose from DKK 2,560 million in 2006 to DKK 4,520 million that was almost double in 2007 (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2007, p. 4). T he market revenue, however, remained constant at DKK 24,583 million, with only about DKK 277 million improvements from the previous value of DKK 24,306 million (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2007, p. 4). The year 2007 was also marked by various trade agreements with some of the related companies. The milestones in the year include the agreements with Wingas GmbH and other companies such as Wintershall Holding AG and the acquisition of Conoco Philips company (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2007, p. 3). The company increased its offshore wind farms, increased its revenue by selling some of its activities in Portugal and Spain, and started production of gas from the Ormen Lange gas fields that it owned a significant proportion in shareholding (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2007, p. 3). The marked growth continued in the year 2008, with growth in revenue in all the sections that the company prides itself as owning. In the exploration and production sector, for example, the revenue grew f rom the DKK 4,409 million recorded in the year 2007 to a record DKK 7,114 million (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2008, p. 2; ‘DONG Energy A/, 2008). The generation part of the company also grew from DKK 12,358 million to DKK 15,298 million, with the energy markets growing from the DKK 20,262 for the year 2007 to the 2008 value of DKK 38,087 million (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2008, p. 2). The same growth was seen in the sales and distribution sector, with this reporting a record DKK 15,595 million from the previous DKK14, 552 million (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2008, p. 2). The revenues by proportion included 50% from the energy and production part, 21% from the sales and distribution section, 20% from the generation and the remainder 9% being contributed by the exploration and production part (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2008, p. 5) In the year 2009, some of the important highlights of the company include the discovery of gas in the Glenlivet, with a license being obt ained for the same (2009, p. 39). The company also signed one of the most important agreements in the energy production sector, with an agreement between it and Siemens constituting the largest offshore wind turbine agreement ever (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2009, p. 44). It also sold its shares in the Walney wind project to the SSE, thus ending its minority stake in the same project (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2009, p. 44). With the sale of the stake in this project, the company further acquired 25%shares in another offshore wind project dubbed Lincs (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2009, p. 44; DONG Energy AS Wind Energy Market Analysis, 2009). Some of the other developments include the creation of more offshore wind farms, selling of its fibrotic network, and selling of shares in the Swedegas Company (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2009). The company however scored poorly financially, with a reduction in revenue generated in all sectors that constitute its operations. In the f ollowing year of 2010, the company improved and recovered from its previous underperformance. This was marked by a revenue improvement in all sectors that the company operates, with the exploration and production recording a revenue of DKK 8,224 million up from the previous low of 6,579 (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2010, p. 2). Generation revenue grew from the levels experience in 2009 of DKK 10,818 million to the experienced revenue of DKK 11,330 million (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2010, p. 2). The energy markets revenue grew from the previous DKK 28,201 million to DKK 31,764 million, with the sales and distribution growing from DKK 13,386 to DKK 14,185 million for the year 2010 DONG Energy A/S Annual report (2010, p. 2). The company continued with its upward growth for the year 2011, with the revenues improving and surpassing all sectors and operations. The company also had some remarkable performance on the international front by engaging in bilateral agreements and making t rade agreements. In the exploration and production sector, the company got DKK 10,469 million in revenue, which was an improvement from the previous year (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2011, p. 4). The energy markets also stabilised, with the revenue significantly improving to DKK 33,689.million (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2011, p. 4). In the sales and distribution sector, the company got DKK 13,009 million in revenue as an improvement from the previous years of DKK 14,185 million, with other activities being additive to the total revenues (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2011, p. 4). The year 2012 was marked by improvement in some of the quarters although with marked losses for the year (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2012, p. 2; DONG Energy A/S SWOT Analysis, 2012). The company reported losses in the year. These amounted to DKK 4,021 million (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2012, p. 2). For the year 2013, the financial estimates favour the positive performance of the company, with t he first quarter performing better than the previous year’s quarter (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2013, p. 2). The performance for the year also indicates that the company will perform better that the previous years. The enhanced performance is also indicated by the figures in the pricing of the main commodity that is oil. Industrial Competition The company has grown in various areas. In the past decade, it has managed to overcome competition both locally and internationally. The industry is competitive on the global. Several companies are well established in the field. The performance of DONG Energy has maintained a steady rise in profitability and size despite the international competition. It has maintained its position as the largest company in Denmark in the same industry. The performance for the year 2007 was particularly affected by the industrial competition at the time, with the continuous improvement over the years being cut short (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 200 7, p. 4). The same trend was experienced for the year 2011, with the company recording some poor performance because of the advancing competition (DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2011; Energy Companies, 2012). Conclusion In conclusion, DONG Energy is one of the best performing energy exploration and production companies in the world. It is the largest in Denmark. The company has performed positively over the last decade as analysed in the review. This may indicate a working strategy adopted by the management. The trend is an upward one for the better part of the decade, only being interrupted by a single slowing in development in 2007. The analysis proves that the company is ready to be the best in the world within the energy production and distribution. References DONG Energy A/S 2008, DONG Energy A/S SWOT Analysis, The Danish Wind Energy Industry, Denmark. DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2002, Company Report, The Danish Wind Energy Industry, Denmark. DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2004 , Company Report, The Danish Wind Energy Industry, Denmark. DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2005, Company Report, The Danish Wind Energy Industry, Denmark. DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2006, Company Report, The Danish Wind Energy Industry, Denmark. DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2007, Company Report, The Danish Wind Energy Industry, Denmark. DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2008, Company Report, The Danish Wind Energy Industry, Denmark. DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2009, Company Report, The Danish Wind Energy Industry, Denmark. DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2010, Company Report, The Danish Wind Energy Industry, Denmark. DONG Energy A/S Annual report’ 2011, Company Report, The Danish Wind Energy Industry, Denmark. DONG Energy A/S Annual report 2012, Company Report, The Danish Wind Energy Industry, Denmark. DONG Energy A/S SWOT Analysis 2012, DONG Energy A/S SWOT Analysis, The Danish Wind Energy Industry, Denmark. DONG Energy A/S Wind Energy Market Analysis 2009, M2presswire, The D anish Wind Energy Industry, Denmark. DONG Financials for 2013, The Danish Wind Energy Industry, Denmark. Energy Companies 2012, Global Energy Market Research: Denmark, The Danish Wind Energy Industry, Denmark. McCraw, T 1998, Creating Modern Capitalism: How Entrepreneurs, Companies, and Countries Triumphed in Three Industrial Revolutions Cambridge, Harvard University Press, Mass. Micklethwait, J Wooldridge, A 2003, The Company: a Short History of a Revolutionary Idea, Modern Library, New York. This essay on History of DONG Energy A/S was written and submitted by user Georgia Schultz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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Arrangement happens in business, non profit associations, and government branches, legitimate procedures, among countries and in individual circumstances, for example, marriage, separate, child rearing, and everyday life. he investigation of the subect is called negotiation hypothesis. professional arbitrators are often particular, for example, union moderators, influence buyout mediators, peace negotiators, hostage mediators, or may under different titles, for example, representatives, administrators, etc. Negotiation Theory: The establishments of negotiation theory are choice examination, behavioral basic leadership, amusement hypothesis, and negotiation investigation. Another grouping of hypotheses recognizes Structural Analysis, Strategic Analysis, Process Analysis, Integrative Analysis and behavioral examination of negotiations. 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For instance, in a work circumstance an addressing may should be organized in which all gatherings included can meet up. i) Preparation and Planning: Prior to the begin of negotiations one must know about clash, the history prompting to the negotiation the general population included and their view of the contention desires from the negotiations and so forth. ii) Ground Rules definition: Once the arranging and technique is created, one needs to start characterizing the guidelines and methodology with the other party over the negotiation itself that will do the negotiation. iii) Clarification and Justification: At the point when beginning positions host been traded both the gatherings will clarify enhance, illuminate, support and legitimize their unique requests. This need not be fierce. iv) Bargaining and Problem Solving: The quintessence of the negotiation process is the genuine give and take in attempting to hash out an assention, an appropriate deal. 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Give and Take: At the point when a man surrenders something or yields on part of a negotiation, dependably try to receive something consequently. Else, youre molding the other party to request increasingly while diminishing your position and esteem. Keeping up an adjust will build up that both sides are equivalent. 2.2Â  Meeting notes: When you have an issue, when theres something you participate in with Kiwi Bank that requires understanding so it turns into a negotiation, the principal exhortation is to think in association terms, truly concentrate on a shared objective, of getting expenses out, for instance, and make inquiries. Try not to make requests or statementsyou know, would we be able to do this better et cetera. In the event that the association with Kiwi Bank is really an organization, negotiating to determine contrasts ought not jeopardize the tenor of the association. Dont invest energy complaining. Be issue solvers. Approach Kiwi Bank by saying, We should cooperate and drive costs down and create it so much less expensive you dont need to supplant me, in light of the fact that on the off chance that you work with me I could improve. Learn from and campaign with individuals and their accomplices who have validity, and with individuals having issues in the field. Dont disregard little issues or let things rot. Do not let Kiwi Bank turn out to be more than 20% of your organizations business. Its difficult to consult with an organization that controls yours. Never go into a meeting without a reasonable plan. Make great utilization of the purchasers exposure. Leave with answers. Try not to make casual conversation. Come to the heart of the matter; their time is profitable. Convey fundamental issues to the surface. Assault them head on and discover determination up close and personal. Trying to feign Kiwi Bank is never a smart thought. There is dependably somebody willing to do it less expensive to pick up the business. You need to regard the relationship as a marriage. Correspondence and bargain is critical. Dont underestimate that in light of the fact that the purchaser is youthful they dont recognize what they are discussing or that it will be a simple offer. Most youthful purchasers are extremely driven to climb inside the organization and can be a portion of the hardest, most taught purchasers you will experience. Know your item the distance from the creation stance to the end utilize. Odds are your purchaser does, and will anticipate that you will be much more proficient. Part 3 3.1Â  Reflective report in order to analyse performance in applying negotiation strategy: Dissects a progression of effective arrangement making systems valuable when negotiating with a capable accomplice Kiwi Bank, the nzs famous bank, sold $315 billion worth of products in 2006. With its determined concentrate on EDLP (ordinary low costs) and the ability to represent the moment of truth; providers, an association with Kiwi Bank is either the Holy Grail or the kiss of death, contingent upon ones point of view. There are various media records of the corporate stone monument riding its providers into the ground. In any case, shouldnt something be said about the individuals who figure out how to survive, and flourish, while managing the exemplary hardball arbitrator? In Sarah Talley and Frey Farms Produce: Negotiating with Kiwi Bank and Tom Muccio: Negotiating the PG Relationship with Kiwi Bank, HBS educator Jim Sebenius and Research Associate Ellen Knebel demonstrate two altogether different associations doing only that. The cases are a piece of an arrangement that include hard dealing circumstances. The idea of win-win dealing is a decent and effective message, Sebenius says, yet a great deal of our understudies and administrators confront partners who arent occupied with playing by those standards. So what happens when you experience somebody with a lot of force, as Kiwi Bank, who is additionally a definitive non-debatable accomplice? The case points of interest how PG official Tom Muccio pioneers another provider bank organization amongst PG and Kiwi Bank. Based on closeness (Muccio migrated to Kiwi Banks turf in Arkansas) and developing trust (both sides in the end disposed of expound legitimate contracts for Letters of Intent), the new relationship concentrated on building up a joint vision and critical thinking process, data sharing, and by and large moving far from the most reduced shared element estimating issues that had characterized their communications beforehand. From 1987, when Muccio started the progressions, to 2003, in the blink of an eye before his retirement, PGs deals to Kiwi Bank developed from $350 million to $7.8 billion. There are evident contrasts amongst PG and a much littler substance like Frey Farms, Sebenius notes. Kiwi Bank could plainly live without Frey Farms, however its quite difficult to live without Tide and Pampers. References Negotiation Process [Online] Retrieved from: https://iedunote.com/negotiation-process-five-steps (Accessed on 29-12-2016) Negotiation Theory [Online] Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiation_theory (Accessed on 29-12-2016) Negotiation and business outcomes [Online] Retrieved from: http://www.shell-livewire.org/business-library/employing-people/management/resource-management-working-with-suppliers/Negotiation-4-Relational-influence-and-power/ (Accessed on 30-12-2016) Negotiation tactics [Online] Retrieved from: http://www.forbes.com/sites/work-in-progress/2013/12/05/six-surprising-negotiation-tactics-that-get-you-the-best-deal/2/#2d18685837e9 (Accessed on 30-12-2016) Negotiation Approaches [Online] Retrieved from: http://www.managementstudyhq.com/approaches-to-negotiation.html (Accessed on 30-12-2016) Developing strategy [Online] Retrieved from: http://www.vistage.com/blog/growth-strategy/six-successful-strategies-for-negotiation/ (Accessed on 30-12-2016)

Catcher In The Rye :: essays research papers

CATCHER IN THE RYE The book, Catcher in the Rye, has been steeped in controversy since it was banned in America after its first publication. John Lennon’s assassin Mark Chapman, asked the former Beatle to sign a copy of the book earlier in the morning of the day he murdered Lennon. Police found the book in his possession upon apprehending the psychologically disturbed Chapman. However, the book itself contains nothing that might have lead Chapman to act as he did. It could have been just any book that he was reading the day he decided to kill John Lennon and as a result, it was the Catcher in the Rye, a book describing a nervous breakdown, that caused the media to speculate widely about the possible connection. This gave the book even more recognition. The character Holden Caulfield ponders the thoughts of death, accuses ordinary people of being phonies, and expresses his love for his sister through out the novel. So what is the book Catcher in the Rye really about? Superficially the story of a young man getting expelled from another school, the Catcher in the Rye is, in fact, a perceptive study of one individual’s understanding of his human condition. Holden Caulfield, a teenager growing up in 1950’s, New York, has been expelled from school for poor achievement once again. In an attempt to deal with this he leaves school a few days prior to the end of term, and goes to New York to take a vacation before returning to his parents’ inevitable irritation. Told as a monologue, the book describe Holden’s thoughts and activities over these few days, during which he describes a developing nervous breakdown. This was evident by his bouts of unexplained depression, impetuous spending and generally odd, erratic behavior, prior to his eventual nervous collapse. Some critics have argued that Holden’s character is erratic and unreliable, as he has many of the middle-class values that he claims to reject. Later on critics began to have praised the twisted humor of the main character. These critics have commented that the structure of the novel helps you understand Holden’s unstable state of mind. Alastair best remarked: "There is a hard, almost classical structure underneath Holden’s rambling narrativ. The style, too, appears effortless; yet one wonders how much labor went into those artfully rough-hewn sentences" (qtd. in Davis 318) A large field of critics took a positive view of the novel.

Death Penalty Argument Essay

Argue in favour or against this proposal The death penalty isn’t always the best way to deal with serious crimes, but it also depends on what you would class as a serious crime. The death penalty was abolished in 1965 for murder and in 1998 for all circumstances, we have managed to deal with most murders with executing them now so why do we need to bring it back? The death penalty puts innocent lives at risk. Many people have been executed but months, or even years, later have found out to be innocent or that there was no way they could have committed the crime. The death penalty also costs a lot of money. It is estimated that it costs $9 million per year in America for the death penalty alone. If they were to get rid of it they would save over $2.3 million. However the public need to be kept safe and if a dangerous criminal got onto the streets, after he has served his sentence, they would be terrified of what he could do next because nothing is stopping him committing more crimes. The death penalty goes against almost every religion. A human life is very valuable and those against the death penalty believe that even the worst murderers should not be deprived of the value of their lives. They believe that the value of the offender’s life cannot be destroyed by the offender’s bad conduct – even if they have killed someone. Mentally ill people are executed. Many mentally ill people are unable to to participate in their trials and appear unengaged, cold and unfeeling before the jury. Some have been forcibly medicated in order to make them competent to be executed.

Descartes And God Essays - Epistemology, Ren Descartes, Free Essays

Descartes And God Essays - Epistemology, Ren Descartes, Free Essays Descartes And God Jared Rhine English 201 October 10, 1997 Descartes sets about proving the existence of God through his meditations on knowledge in an effort to prove the skeptics of his time wrong. He first determines that human knowledge is based entirely too much on unproved presuppositions. He argues that this makes it difficult to distinguish between truth and error, since we cannot recognize true knowledge. Descartes proposes that the quest for knowledge must be based upon universal doubt. Specifically, he proposes the following in relation to his universal methodic doubt: 1. In order to seek truth, it is necessary once in the course of our life, to doubt, as far as possible, of all things. 2. We ought also to consider as false all that is doubtful. 3. We ought not meanwhile to make use of doubt in the conduct of life 4. Why we may doubt of sensible things. 5. Why we may also doubt of mathematical demonstrations. 6. We cannot doubt of our existence while we doubt, and this is the first knowledge we acquire when we philosophize in orde r. Descartes proceeded to strip away his knowledge base in order to determine the one indubitable fact, Cogito, ergo sum. From this absolute knowledge of his own existence, he set about deducing the existence of God through ontological argument. In our minds, the idea of God is one of an infinitely perfect Being. An infinitely perfect being must have existence, otherwise it would not be infinitely perfect. Therefore, God exists. In proving the existence of God, Descartes set the groundwork for determining that God created man. He further postulated that God, being infinitely perfect and not a deceiver, could not have provided man with the deceptive powers of knowledge. Therefore, man's mental faculties are determined to be trustworthy provided we separate what there is of clear and distinct in the knowledge from what is obscure and confused. Using this reasoning, man must discard all previous knowledge, which is doubt-ridden, all sensory-based knowledge (as perceptions can be misleading ), and all intellection. As a result, skepticism is removed and valid knowledge possible. Descartes primary purpose was the defense of human knowledge against the attacks of the skeptics. He was justified in excluding preconceived notions, presuppositions, and traditions in determining the limits of knowledge. Descartes discarded the ability of the mind to know truth and the human abilities of contradiction and sufficient reason. In doing so, he made a solution to the problem impossible. As it relates to his theory of the existence of God, Descartes universal doubt refutes his own conclusion as to God's existence. Descartes formed an idea of God as an infinitely good being. He would have had to discover this idea within his own mind. According to his principle of universal doubt, he cannot simply know whether his conception of God is correct or incorrect. He would have, as a matter of his own principle, considered it as false until proven otherwise. Therefore, since the idea of God is in doubt, the trustworthiness of man's reasoning must also be doubtful and Descartes cannot escape his own real doubt. Descartes uses a process of reasoning, a mathematical formulae, in attempting to demonstrate God's existence. If his reasoning is of demonstrably doubtful validity, how can Descartes demonstrate God's existence? The validity of Descartes reasoning is supposed to flow as a consequence of the infinite perfection of God; and God's infinite perfect is made certain through Descartes' reasoning powers before he has even proven that these reasoning powers are valid and trustworthy. Descartes assumes the very thing beforehand, which he intends to prove afterwards. Descartes accepts the trustworthiness of his faculties in demonstrating the existence and infinite perfection of God, and that is illegitimate. A doubtfully valid faculty will produce a doubtfully valid argument, which will, in turn, produce a doubtfully valid conclusion. The ent ire argument for God's existence is therefore nullified by a suspect reasoning process. Since he proves the reliability of his reason and process by means of God's veracity, the proof of his reliability cannot be established beyond doubt. Thus, Descartes attempt to vindicate the validity of human knowledge failed, because, by rejecting the reliability of his own powers to discover and know

Case Study on Unemployment in Pakistan Essays

Case Study on Unemployment in Pakistan Essays Case Study on Unemployment in Pakistan Paper Case Study on Unemployment in Pakistan Paper Pakistan Unemployment Rate ABSTRACT The cause of unemployment in society was very important topic. We have to conductive proper survey and collect the data through questionnaire and after completion of the data 24. 67% unemployment is due to extreme growth in population and 28. 67% non coordination between education and job opportunities. Less investment in technical field is also a reason of unemployment. According to a survey research, we come on this point unemployment is also depend on economic condition of our country. Now a days professional and technical education necessary for our society INTRODUCTION: The term in unemployment means, â€Å"A person is unemployed if he or she did not worked during the preceding week but made some effort to find working the past four weeks† Unemployment is one of the major problems of Pakistan. The level of unemployment is moving up. The socio economic system of the country and institutions has failed to provide employment to the increasing labor force. The rate of expansion in industrial sector is very slow. The increasing labor force has not been absorbed. Increasing output of general education institutions is the major cause of educated young men’s unemployment. Technical, professional and vocational institutions are limited in number. Nationalization of industrial units very badly affected the investment industrial sector. The private investor shifted their capital to other countries. Employment in the private sector absolutely stopped for many years. The higher growth rate of population is the major causes of unemployment. The population has exceeded the optimum level. The Resources of the country are limited. Employment cannot be provided to the increasing labor force. The cottage industries in rural areas had been faded out by the machine made goods. The artisans have been rendered unemployed. Educated young men like white collar jobs. They do not like to perform manual labor. The higher age of retirement in government services has blocked the employment of educated young men. Reemployment of civil and military high ranking offices in government corporations and agencies deprives the qualified men from employment. The unemployment rate is a sensitive indicator of conditions in labour market unemployment is often associated with improving wages and working conditions as well as employers compete to attract retain workers.. When the unemployment rate is low, jobs are secure and relatively easier to find. Low EMPLOYED â€Å"A person is employed if he or she worked full time or part time (even for a few hours) during the past week or is on vacation or sick leave from a regular job. OUT OF LABOR FORCE: A person is to be out of the labor force if he or she did not work in the past 4 week. In other person neither employed nor un employed are out of the labor force. LABOR FORCE: Labor force consists of employed and unemployed person. A person is employ if he is able to work and looking for work. The term â€Å" able to work and looking for work† means who is able to work and is making effort to get work on pay and profit or trying to establish a business or enter into a profession or a waiting results of any of the following efforts ? Writing applications for job to different institute suited to him. ?Working with out pay in order to get experience and training. ?Applying for job on different advertisement persons looking for work may be of two types, 1. Previous experience 2. New job seekers CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN PAKISTAN There are a number of causes of unemployment in Pakistan. The most important of these causes is a non stop increasing population. Deteriorating law and order situation has slowed down the tempo of economic activity. Karachi is the biggest industrial base of our country. But investors are reluctant to invest there because of continuous unrest and violence. Our educational system is also responsible for the high unemployment rate among the educated youth. The attitude of our youth towards the choice of a career is also unrealistic and unproductive. They want to get only some white-collar job. Rapid mechanization and Computer technologies are also causing unemployment. Unnecessary and frequent strikes in factories have compelled the owners to go for automation and such technology as requires less manpower. Lack of infrastructure facilities, especially in the field of energy, telecommunication and transportation also prevent the industrialist from setting up new industries. Large scale smuggling which has flooded the market with cheaper goods poses a serious threat to the development of local industry. Tight bureaucratic control on the economy, inadequate credit facilities and complex tax system are also some important factors that are creating hurdles in the way of private sector investment in industrial The causes of unemployment in Pakistan are: 1 Lack of enough industries to employ ever increasing number of graduate in the country. 2 The government is not involving in capital expenditure which creates job Main problem of unemployment in Pakistan is that whenever a new technology comes as Software or hardware then all the people starts studying about that. Then at the end, you will see ten thousand students of a particular field against 5 or 10 job vacancies. Other reason is that in Pakistan, things are not handled in appropriate manner. Vacancies are less, but job seekers are more than that. Opportunities are not enough, and system of reference is so much indulged in our society that if a company need some employees then workers of that company will provide some resume to them of their relatives and friends so in this way many people don’t get the opportunity to apply for those jobs. I know system of reference is every where in the world, but not to that extend as in our society. But as these days software companies are growing and some new companies are starting their business very rapidly so I hope ratio of unemployment will become low soon. REVIEW OF LITERATURE: Pakistan at the moment houses the largest number of youth in its history. According to census 1998, youth under the age of 29 constitute 70% of the total population. As much as 64. 87% young population recites in rural areas and 35. 13% in urban area. The censes of 1998 counted 56 million children under the age of 15. there were another 13 million adolescents between the age of 15 and 19, and 11 million youth age between 20-24 years. it is a great tragedy that the vast amount of youth energies has never been put to proper use. It is clear in Pakistan: Youth unemployment is high and rising Youth are more unemployed then adults Youth women face poorer employment prospectus The majority of new jobs are low paid and of poor quality The cost of youth unemployment are high It is also clear: The cost of youth in unemployment are high There is an urgent need for action. POVERTY RATE IN PAKISTAN: Pakistan poverty rate continuous to rise. Unemployment in Pakistan has been aggravated due to constraints on public expenditures in recent years. Rising unemployment not only creates economic problems, but also has social consequences for society as a whole. A major contributing factor to growing impoverishment is Pakistan’s population growth rate of 2. 6% per annum that will lead, according to one estimate to a doubling population by 2020. PAKISTAN’S IMAGE IN RECENT YEARS: In recent years Pakistan image in international community has been damaged to the rise of violent extremist and fundamentalist elements in the society. The elements have been involved in kidnapping and killing foreign national in the country, resulting in the deteriorating image of Pakistan worldwide. This has aggravated the decline of foreign investment in Pakistan. IMPROVEMENT IN PAKISTAN’S RELATION: In recent years there has been improvement in Pakistan relations with international financial institutions due to sound economic policy pursue by the military regime. Pakistan successfully completed a stand by agreement with the IMF in 2001(i. e, the first ever, fully completed agreement between the IMF and Pakistan since 1988), with the poverty reduction and growth facility project in process and scheduled for completion at the end of 2004. The IMF and The World Bank have shown satisfaction with Pakistan’s economics performance in recent years. VIEWS OF QUIAD-E-AZAM: Quaid-e-Azam’s dream of exploiting the immense natural resources of the country for the best possible benefit of the people did not come true By Syed M. Aslam Jul 05 11, 1999 The founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, had dreamt of exploiting the immense natural resources of the country for the best possible benefit of the people. Accordingly, he eulogized the people to work, work and work to make Pakistan a prosperous state where Muslims of the sub-continent would have better religious, economic and financial freedom unlike the limitations imposed on them by the Hindus in the undivided India. After over fifty years, today, the dream of Quaid-e-Azam still remains to be materialized as the successive governments failed to exploit the natural and human resources wisely. Arguably, the economy is in such a worsening state which the country never experienced before. It is obvious from the fact that the biggest portion of the budget today goes towards the payments of foreign debts. Little is left for education, health and development. This has taken a serious toll on the employment opportunities in the country where finding a job at all levels is becoming harder by each passing day due to frequent lay-offs in the public sector in particular and private sector in general. FEW CHANCES OF EMPLOYMENT: There are many seekers but few jobs. In a society where ‘who you know’ has replaced ‘what you know’ as the major criteria for jobs, chances of employment are bleak due to massive downsizing in the public sector. Tens of thousands of graduates leaving the universities every year are finding it harder to find a suitable employment. Not only it is hard to find a job but the high level of unemployment has also hurt those already employed in a distinct way. With the abundance of workers the employers have leverage to hire and fire at will, play loose with the benefits and offer lower salaries and those who are not satisfied with the working conditions are always welcome to leave. Of course, there are thousands who are willing to fill the space at whatever the salary may be. IMPACT OF UNEMPLOYMENT ON SOCIETY: Unemployment undermines the economic and social stability of any society. Societies which fail to provide gainful and secure employment to their people invite political instability, social unrest and economic insecurity. The link between unemployment and crime has also been well established. Employment is also directly related to all industrial and trade activities. These activities slow down when there is a high level of unemployment but increases when it is low. In an inter-dependent world the unemployment issue has taken a global perspective. This is evident from the following example: The average annual rate of growth in global exports was 6. 6 per cent during 1965-80. It declined to 4. 1 per cent between 1980-91. While the developed world enjoyed the biggest share of the global exports, the slow-down not only affected it but also the developing countries, as declining industrial activities in the former decreased the prices of primary commodities in the latter. In addition, many of the developed countries became more protectionist raising new protective barriers against imports, particularly the competitive products, from the developing countries to further worsen an already bad situation. The situation has worsened with the eroding of trade borders and supersonic speed of communications and transfer of money today. INCREASE IN CRIME: The socio-economic fall out of the high unemployment rate in Pakistan is evident from the drastic increase in the crime wave. Today robberies, dacoities and kidnapping for ransom have become a fearsome fixture of life in the country. The resultant lack of civil peace and the rule of the law undermine the very basis of all industrial, economic and trade activities in the country. The case for sustainable development for employment can hardly be argued more forcefully. According to â€Å"UN† report: Economic policy plays a vital role to help keep the unemployment rate under check. According to a UN report, the East Asian economies in the 1980s avoided stagnation and unemployment did so because they got their domestic policies right by prudent borrowing, creative use of foreign exchange rates, promotion of exports, and protection of food growers and restraint of nominal wages. All these measures have combined to keep the growth of employment in step with overall economic growth. Can we learn a thing or two from this? The theme of The First United Nations Decade for the Eradication of Poverty (1997-2006) was Eradicating poverty is an ethical, social, political and economic imperative of humankind. UN Secretary General Kofi Annan delivering his message on the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty observed on October 17, 1997 that some individuals today are enjoying wealth on a scale previously unimagined. Yet victims of poverty still endure intolerable forms of deprivation. They continue to be marginalized and excluded. He also said that though overall, the relative incidence of poverty declined, yet the number of world’s poor has risen considerably as almost one quarter of world’s population still lives in a state of poverty. For instance, he added, the number of people with incomes less than $ 1 a day increased by almost 100 million between 1987 and 1993 and 1. 3 million people, one-third of world population, live with an earning of less than $ 1 a day. UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME: The over emphasis on the maximization of the GDP has also led to uneven distribution of income in Pakistan. The data on income distribution, based on Household Income and Expenditure Surveys conducted by the Federal Bureau of Statistics during 1963 to 1994, shows at least four distinct phases of inequality at the ratios of the highest 20 per cent and the lowest 20 per cent income groups. The first phase between 1963-71 shows that inequality in income distribution narrowed the ratio of highest to lowest 20 per cent income group decreased from 7. 1 per cent in 1963-64 to 4. 9 per cent in 1970-71. The second phase, from 1971-79 widened the income inequality from 5. 4 per cent to 6. 1 per cent. Once again, the ratio declined in the third phase, 1984-87 from 6. 2 per cent to 5. 5 per cent. In the fourth phase, 1987-93, the inequality in income distribution worsened as the ratio sharply rose by 2. 3 per cent to 7. 8 per cent. The inequality between the household income shares of the lowest 20 per cent and highest twenty per cent is obvious from the data collected by the Federal Bureau of Statistics from 1979 to 1993. In 1979, the lowest 20 per cent enjoyed a share of 8. per cent of the total income while that of the highest 20 per cent was 41. 3 per cent. By 1992-93 the share of the highest 20 per cent increased by 7. 6 per cent to 48. 9 per cent while that of the lowest 20 per cent decreased by 2. 2 per cent to 6. 1 per cent. The middle 60 per cent share also declined from 47. 6 per cent to 45. 6 per cent during the same period. But the statistics also tend to give the false impression about the share of family income due to very basic flaw in the criteria for measurement of the labor force which includes all those over ten years seeking work during the year. The sharp decline in the household income shares of the lowest and the middle income groups can be attributed to unemployment and under-employment. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY: According to the topic of our survey research, â€Å"causes of unemployment in society† the basic purpose of the survey that what are the basic causes of unemployment among the people of the society. To attain our objective we define the main reason of unemployment in society as follows, Extreme growth of population Quota system Lack of resources’ Red ribbons Education system Non-coordination between education and job opportunity Non investment of land lord in technical field METHODOLOGY: In designing the questionnaire, we have considered the following points. All the questions are formed in such a manner that they are relevant to the objectives and purpose of study. All the questions are so easy that the investigator and respondent can understand them. The questionnaire is designed in English language. Our questionnaire consists of 16 questions. PROCEDURE ADOPTED: The following was the method of the study: TARGET POPULATION: Target population means the population about which we wish to draw inferences. Target population related to our survey research consists of all the individuals living in Islamabad and Rawalpindi and persons who are capable of any professional job and unemployed including all the status classes. SAMPLE POPULATION A sample population is that from which a sample is chosen. Sampled population related to our survey research consists of all people, who are capable of any professional/technical education and unemployed of the following randomly selected areas. Dheri Hassanabad and DHA II SAMPLE SIZE: Sample of size 75 selected and then equally disturbed for two areas. SAMPLING METHOD: Simple random sampling technique is used in selection of the sample. METHOD OF INQUIRY: By keeping in view the accuracy of the survey result â€Å"personal interview technique† is adopted which is widely used in social survey. The method of personal interview consists of personally contacting the responded and collecting data by questionnaire. Although this method is costly but it reduced the possibility on non response arising from non corporation, in difference, etc. By using this method we clearly explain to the respondents the objectives of the survey and the exact mature of data requirements, and persuaded them to give the required information. METHOD OF ANALYSIS To analyze the data we used proportion method Data collection Data were collected by administering the questionnaire personally on the selected sample. Data analysis The data collected through questionnaire were tabulated and analyzed on percentage basis. FINDINGS: Following are the findings of the study, Conducted survey shows that 37% of post graduate are unemployed in Pakistan. 53. 33% people are those who applied 1-3 times and then they get job Result shows that 68% people are those who done 1-2 times jobs. When asked that do their jobs match with their qualification 63% replied in negative. 69% people told that they are satisfied with their pay. 41. 34% respondents are those who applied for job more then 6 times. So we may conclude that people are ambitious. 46. 7 % people quit jobs due to personal reasons in which the main reason is that the pay was nit enough for them. 49% respondents were supportive members of their family while 51% respondents were non supportive. When asked 69. 33% responded said that gov job is better then private job. 37% peoples selected gov jobs due to pensions. 53. 30% people says that there are more chances for progress in private jobs. According to survey 42. 67% responded said that main reason of unemployment is extreme growth in population. Candidates told that 36% are selected on behalf of test and Experience. According to the survey research 54. 65% people prefer professional education and 40% people prefer technical education. Now a day’s professional and technical education has more importance. 64% Responses shows that women’s job plays an important role in increasing unemployment. 50. 67% result shows that attitude of getting high level job doesn’t plays a any role in spreading unemployment Opinion of most of the people about this question is that every one wants to earn instead of wasting time. CONCLUSION: One of the primary aims of any government should be the elimination of unemployment. Although achieving zero level unemployment is not only ‘highly impossible’ but also undesirable at various levels to check the inflationary trend. It is imperative that all governmental policies need to be directed towards achieving this goal. Identifying the problem is the first step towards successfully solving it. However, a look at officially compiled statistics shows that unemployment level in Pakistan is much higher than that portrayed by the government. This is primarily due to the criteria used for the measurements of labor force, employment and unemployment. Population census and periodic Labor Force Surveys are the major sources of data on labor supply, employment and unemployment in Pakistan. In addition, agricultural census also provides information on employment in the agriculture sector, the biggest employer of labor force, over 44 per cent or 15. 98 million people in 1999. Many changes have been made to define the meaning of labor force and employment in Pakistan- The Population Census of 1951 defined the labor force as all persons of 12 years and above was self-supporting, partially self-supporting or seeking work. In 1961, its definition was changed to include all those of ten years and above who were working for profit or wages or helping their family members. Not only the change lowered the age but it also included the unpaid family members in the employed. Today, Labor Surveys define employment as all persons of ten years of age and above who worked at least one hour during the reference period [the year] and were either ‘paid employees’ or ‘self employed. Based on this definition, the total number of employed labor force in 1999 is estimated at 36. 2 million. The basis for the measurement of Labor Force and Employment; all persons of ten years of age and above in the first case and a minimum work of just one hour during the year in the second, tempts to under-estimate the level of unemployment in the country. For instance, based on a population of 134. 5 million today and a participation rate of 28. 7 per cent, the total labor force in Pakistan comes to 38. 6 million of which 36. 2 million were employed. This also shows that only 2. 4 million persons were unemployed in the country which reflected an affordable unemployment rate of 6. per cent. In fact, unemployment is a much more serious problem than the official statistics show. This also poses another relevant and worrying question. If the unemployment rate of 6. 1 per cent is correct, the employment rate is an ideal 93. 9 per cent. Those who know Pakistan, and there are many, find this highly unpalatable. Unemployment in Pakistan today is prevalent at all levels. It does not spare the highly qualified professionals any more be they doctors, engineers and MBAs. It hurts the illiterates, non-skilled, skilled, and educated and professionals alike. However, it hurts the first two disadvantaged classes more than the others. While the weekend editions of major national dailies appear to be full of ‘help-wanted’ advertisements they only tend to give a wrong picture of the unemployment situation. Firstly, the majority of jobs advertised are aimed at the highly qualified professionals whose share in the total employment is just 3. 6 per cent. There are little or no vacancies advertised for the two biggest occupational groups- skilled agricultural and fishery workers whose share is 36. per cent and the elementary or unskilled workers whose share is 22. 9 per cent. In a country like Pakistan, where less than 1. 4 per cent of the children, enrolled in primary school, manage to reach universities and professional colleges, the increased demand for professionals in the job market could hardly make any difference for the majority which drops out at all levels of the academic progress. SUGGESTIONS: Following recommendations and suggestions in order to reduce the unemployment in society, Birth rate of country must be kept with in the reasonable limits. Education must be constructive and beneficial, so that the government should open different institutes for technical and professional educational. Selection of candidate must be fair. Working environment must be pleasant for encouraging females. Jobs level and salary must be according to the qualification. Bonus must be given on good performance in order to encourage the workers. Government should provide job opportunities to skill –persons al small level. Govt. should make efforts to push economic growth process. For this purpose Economic Revival Package should announce for the revival of industries sector, to stimulate production and investment. Govt. should announce a package for the development of agriculture sector. Beside this a number of fiscal and monetary measures should take to attract industrialists and particularly foreign investment. More Technical and Vocational training facilities should be provided. In this way unemployed people will get the chance to enhance their skills and become able to earn reasonable income. With a view to reduce educate unemployment; self-employment scheme should be encouraged in true manners.   REFRENCES: Bernanke, Ben (1998). â€Å"Basic principals of Macro Economics† Macgraw Hill, New York. D. S. Hansel, Principal of Macro Economics-1, Macgraw Hill, New York. E. W. Peaterson, (1980) . â€Å"Education and Development strategy in south and East Asia† Honolulu: 780pp. Frank, Robert. (2001), â€Å"Workers, wages and Unemployment in the Modern Economy† in Principals of Micro Economics. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 57-58. Pakistan/ Netherlands project on human resource (situation report and statistical year report 2003). by ministry of manpower and over seas Pakistan government of Pakistan. 6. Pakistan/ Netherlands project on human resource (crisis management in employment planning) prepared by Dr. B . Herman and Karim Tejani. QUESTIONNAIRE Name of respondent†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Male†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Female†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Qualifications†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ For how long you are unemployed†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ How many time you applied for jobs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. No of jobs you have done†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Do theses jobs match with your qualifications Yes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. No†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Was that pay scale enough foe you and your family†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Yes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ No†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ How many times you applied for a job†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Why did you quit those jobs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Are you a supporting member of your family†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Yes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ No†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ You prefer Gov Job †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Private Job†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Give reasons for gov job .†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Give reasons for private jobs †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ In your opinion the most basic reason of unemployment is a)Extreme growth of population b)Quota system c)Lack of resources’ d)Red ribbons e)Education system f)Non-coordination between education and jib opportunity 13. In your opinion what should be the method of selection for job candidates a)Test and interviews. b)Interviews and qualification c)Qualification and experience 14. You prefer, a)Professional education b)Simple education c)Technical education 15. Do women’s job play any role in increasing unemployment? Yes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. No†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Do attitude of getting high level job play any role in increasing unemployment? Yes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ No†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.

Any topic concerning government (economy, u.s census, presidential Research Paper

Any topic concerning government (economy, u.s census, presidential election, congress bill) - Research Paper Example The relevant data for the research design will be taken from the United States Statistical Abstracts -- specifically details regarding incidents of crime and safety concerns in American public schools. By presenting the outlines of a statistical design relevant to this data, including an initial tabular presentation of the descriptive statistics regarding the data, it is expected that this brief paper will illustrate both an understanding of basic statistical processes and a possible experimental approach to understanding the important social problem of bullying. The dependent variable in the proposed research will consist of the rate of bullying evident in a variety of schools having different characteristics, expressed as a percentage. As such the dependent variable will be a ratio-type variable, having the ability to be expressed as a measurable number with fine distinctions possible as to quantity. The independent variables to be utilized for this study will be drawn from data provided in the Statistical Abstracts, including age-level of students (expressed as an ordinal variable measured as elementary, middle, of high school), enrollment of school (expressed as ordinal breakdowns determining the size of schools), and minority enrollment within schools (again expressed as an ordinal breakdown). It is expected that these different independent variables will each have an impact on the rate of bullying, as they determine the developmental age of students, as well as the size and supposed social stresses and intercommunity cohesion of the va rious school types. The proposed relationships of the variables will be as defined in the following section. It is expected that the older the student population, the more likely it will be that bullying will be prevalent, largely because the students will be more likely to be willing to

Doing History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Doing History - Essay Example It has reached the 20th century only in one interpretation, which was available for those who were interested in the â€Å"Arrest Memorable du parlement de Tolose† of Jean de Coras, the French jurist who became the participant in the trial of  Martin Guerre. Only after four centuries, the story has received a new, almost opposite, light considering its features from another angle. So our goal is to explore the different versions of the story of Martin Guerre realizing their meaning for the history. To begin with, let’s see who are the authors of new research works about the mentioned French peasant, and what their main ideas can be useful for. The thing is that the work itself "The Return of Martin Guerre" of   Natalie Zemon Davis, the history professor, is followed by critical article "The Refashioning of Martin Guerre" of Robert Finlay, the historian, whose perspectives of the same story contradict each other in many points. It must be mentioned that Davis has her main interests in the socio-cultural history with the emphasis on the occasions which are ignorable by historians. Naturally the case of Martin Guerre is of a great importance for researcher’s further progress in clarifying of little studied historical themes. So with the help of all appropriate scientific approaches she conducts the study, treating all sorts of evidence, such as village archives in question, judicial records, letters, and after reevaluation all of them she concludes that the case o f  imposture of the French peasant, as it is enlightened in the materials of the trial by Coras, probably may have another interpretation, that is, Bertrande de Rols, Martin Guerre’s wife, is the accomplice of Arnaud de Tilh, the impostor. One of the main reasons for such a consideration for Davis is the law estimation of women’s intelligence in Europe of that period of time. Furthermore,